Computer science is the field of computer hardware and software. It includes systems analysis & design, application and system software design and programming and datacenter operations. For young students, the emphasis is typically on learning a programming language or running a computer with little attention to information science, the study of information and its uses.
Computer science is a discipline that involves the understanding and design of computers and computational processes. In its most general form it is concerned with the understanding of information transfer and transformation. Particular interest is placed on making processes efficient and endowing them with some form of intelligence. The discipline ranges from theoretical studies of algorithms to practical problems of implementation in terms of computational hardware and software. A central focus is on processes for handling and manipulating information. Thus, the discipline spans both advancing the fundamental understanding of algorithms and information processes in general as well as the practical design of efficient reliable software and hardware to meet given specifications. Computer science is a young discipline that is evolving rapidly from its beginnings in the 1940's. As such it includes theoretical studies, experimental methods, and engineering design all in one discipline. This differs radically from most physical sciences that separate the understanding and advancement of the science from the applications of the science in fields of engineering design and implementation. In computer science there is an inherent intermingling of the theoretical concepts of computability and algorithmic efficiency with the modern practical advancements in electronics that continue to stimulate advances in the discipline. It is this close interaction of the theoretical and design aspects of the field that binds them together into a single discipline.
Computer science has many sub-fields; some emphasize the computation of specific results (such as computer graphics), while others relate to properties of computational problems (such as computational complexity theory). Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems. A further subfield, human-computer interaction, focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable and universally accessible to people.
Because of the rapid evolution it is difficult to provide a complete list of computer science areas. Yet it is clear that some of the crucial areas are theory, algorithms and data structures, programming methodology and languages, and computer elements and architecture. Other areas include software engineering, artificial intelligence, computer networking and communication, database systems, parallel computation, distributed computation, computer-human interaction, computer graphics, operating systems, and numerical and symbolic computation.
Programming language
A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages, like natural languages, are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively. Many programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax and semantics; some are defined only by an official implementation. Programming languages are used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information, and to express algorithms precisely. Some authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms, sometimes the term "computer language" is used for more limited artificial languages. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and new languages are created every year.
What is Computer science
A Brife Computer History
B.C.
In 300 B.C. the counting board much like the later abacus is believed to be first used by the Babylonians circa. By 500 B.C. the abacus much like the device we know today begins being used.
0-1599
In 1502 Peter Henlein, a craftsman from Nuremberg Germany, creates the first watch.
1600-1799
In 1600 William Gilbert coins the term electricity from the Greek word elecktra. A system called "Napiers Bones," is introduced in 1617 by John Napier, it was made from horn, bone or ivory the device allowed the capability of multiplying by adding numbers and dividing by subtracting. In 1622 the circular slide rule is invented by William Oughtred. The first known workable mechanical calculating machine is invented by Germanys Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. Frances Blaise Pascal invents a machine, called the Pascaline by 1642, that can add, subtract, and carry between digits. By 1674 Germanys Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz creates a machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically. In 1774 The first telegraph is built.
1800-1899
By 1804 Frances Joseph-Marie Jacquard completes his fully automated loom that is programmed by punched cards. Thomas de Colmar creates the first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine in 1820. in 1821 Charles Babbage invents the Difference Engine. Samuel Morse invents a code in 1838 (later called Morse code) that used different numbers to represent the letters of the English alphabet and the then digits. In 1868 Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter in the United States utilizing the QWERTY keyboard. By 1883 American Thomas Edison discovers the Edison effect, in which an electric current flows through a vacuum. In 1888 William S. Burroughs patents a printing adding machine. In 1896 Herman Hollerith starts the Tabulating Machine Company, the company later becomes the well-known computer company IBM (International Business machines). By 1897 German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope. 1900-1939 In 1921 Czech playwright Karel Capek coins the term "robot" in the 1921 play RUR (Rossum's Universal Robots). Tabulating Machine Company is renamed in 1924 to to IBM. The first publicly demonstrated TV is demonstrated in 1927 at Bell Telephone Laboratories.Germanys Konrad Zuse creates the Z1 in 1936, one of the first binary digital computers and a machine that could be controlled through a punch tape. In 1936 Dvorak keyboard is developed. By 1937 Iowa State Colleges John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry begin work on creating the binary-based ABC (Atanasoft-Berry Computer). Considered by most to be the first electronic digital computer, and prototype was created by 1939. HP 200A is created 1938 by the company now known as Hewlett Packard. in 1939 George Stibitz completes the Complex Number Calculator capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing complex numbers. This device provides a foundation for digital computers.
1940-1946
In 1941 German Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3, a fully operational calculating machine. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), the first general-purpose electronic digital calculator begins to be constructed in 1943. This computer by most is considered to be the first electronic computer. it was completed in 1946. In 1944 The 'Harvard-IBM MARK I' a large programmable-controlled calculating machine provides vital calculations for the U.S. Navy. Grace Hopper becomes its programmer. By 1945 The Von Neumann Architecture is introduced in John von Neumann's report of the EDVAC. The term bug as computer bug was termed by Grace Hopper in 1945, when programming the MARK II.
1947
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories. F.C. Williams memory system is now in working order. ISO is founded.
1948
IBM builds the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator). The computer contains 12,000 tubes. Andreew Donald Booth creates magnetic drum memory, which is two inches long and two inches wide and capable of holding 10 bits per inch. The 604 multiplying punch, based upon the vacuum tube technology, is produced by IBM.
1949
Claude Shannon builds the first machine that plays chess at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The Harvard-MARK III, the first of the MARK machines to use an internally stored program and indirect addressing, goes into operations again under the direction of Howard Aiken. The EDSAC performs its first calculation on May 6, 1949. The small-scale electronic machine (SSEM) is fully operational at Manchester University.
1950
The first electronic computer is created in Japan by Hideo Yamachito. The enhanced Z4 is installed by Konrad Suse. Alan Turing publishes his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence in October. This paper helps create the Turing Test. The first business computer, the Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) is completed by T. Raymond Thompson, John Simmons and their team at Lyons Co.
1951
The first commercial computer, the "First Ferranti MARK I" is now functional at Manchester University. The first ISO is published with the title, "Standard reference temperature for industrial length measurement". UNIVAC I was introduced. The EDVAC begins performing basic tasks.
1952
Fairly reliable working magnetic drum memories for use in computers begin to be sold by Andrew Donald Booth and his father. Alexander Sandy Douglas created the first graphical computer game of Tic-Tac-Toe on a EDSAC known as "OXO".
1953
IBM introduces the first IBM computer, the 701. A magnetic memory smaller and faster than existing vacuum tube memories is built at MIT. The IBM 701 becomes available to the scientific community. A total of 19 are produced and sold.
The Computer information Haven!!!
Welcome to Computer Orbit here you will find information on different topics related computer. Information is organized according to different categories and usage of computer. Major categories are as follows.
Computer science (Software)
Computer science (Hardware)
History
A Computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.
Modern computers are based on comparatively tiny ICs and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space. Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wrist watch and be powered from a watch battery.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: Any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage capacity.
